There is increasing interest in Community-based Conservation (CBC), which is widely advocated in developing countries, as an approach to integrate local development with conservation for sustainable management of environmental and natural resources. This thesis critically examines the effectiveness of CBC, with a specific focus on community conservancies in Maasai Mara in Kenya. The work highlights persistent challenges in achieving meaningful community participation, a key determinant of CBC success.

Using qualitative case studies of three conservancies, the thesis analyses how local contextual factors shape incentives and disincentives that influence community members’ willingness and ability to participate. Findings reveal that conservancies are largely driven by economic benefits availed by wildlife tourism, such as monetary payments, employment opportunities, and infrastructure development. Whereas economic incentives are central, non-material motivations grounded in cultural and social values also influence participation.

The study identifies structural inequalities, particularly gendered land ownership, and weak governance as major barriers to inclusive participation. Although strong social cohesion supports collective action, marginalisation in decision-making and benefits-sharing undermine co-operation.

The thesis concludes that strengthening local governance, broadening revenue streams, promoting a diversified incentive system, and exploring strategies to alleviate resource dependence are essential for the sustainability of community conservancies in Maasai Mara, Kenya.