Human activities have largely influenced natural nutrient cycling. Air quality often suffers from nitrogen emissions that can be deposited on land and then reach rivers and coastal waters. Besides, rivers receive phosphorus from human activities on the land, causing eutrophication issues. However, integrated assessments of both air and water pollution associated with nutrients are limited, hindering a better understanding of future trends in this pollution. Although many EU policies have been introduced, they focus either on air or water. Thus, nutrient management strategies to reduce both air and water pollution are needed, but their effects have been limited for the EU areas and future. This PhD research focuses on exploring synergetic strategies to mitigate nutrient emissions to air and surface waters simultaneously through understanding the role of agriculture in nutrient-driven air, river, and coastal water pollution across the EU and UK, and the mitigation potential of bio-based fertilizers and other nutrient management strategies in the future under global change